Qiushi Journal | 经济全球化是不可逆转的历史潮流

经济全球化是不可逆转的历史潮流

Economic globalization is an irreversible historical trend

经济全球化大致经历了三个阶段。一是殖民扩张和世界市场形成阶段，各国都被卷入世界经济体系之中。二是两个平行世界市场阶段，即二战后的两大阵营及市场。三是经济全球化阶段，冷战后世界经济一体化加速。世界各国要素禀赋不平衡和国际分工深化，是经济全球化的重要动力。各国都不同程度地存在着自然资源、资本、劳动力、技术、市场等不足的矛盾，面临“分工受市场规模限制”难题，15世纪的地理大发现，推动了世界市场形成。科技革命和产业革命，为经济全球化提供了深厚的物质技术基础。几次工业革命大大降低了货物运输、信息传播和人员流动的成本，特别是互联网等新科技革命推动世界扁平化，各国经济相互依赖前所未有。国际经济治理体系和冷战后市场化改革，为经济全球化提供了经济制度保障。二战后，布雷顿森林体系及关贸总协定、国际货币基金组织和世界银行三大支柱出现，提供了国际经济治理的制度架构，加之冷战后新兴经济体的市场化改革，推动了经济全球化大发展。

Economic globalization has experienced roughly three stages. The first was the stage of colonial expansionism and world market formation. In this stage, all countries were drawn into the world economic system. The second stage saw two parallel world markets, or two opposing blocs and markets, prevail after World War II. The third stage is the stage of economic globalization, in which world economic integration has accelerated since the end of the Cold War. Uneven factor endowments among countries and an ever-finer division of labor along international lines have been important forces for economic globalization. All countries face shortages of natural resources, capital, labor, technology, and markets to greater or lesser degree, as well as restrictions on their division of labor determined by the size of their markets. The geographical discoveries of the 15th century opened the way for the formation of a world market. Thereafter, scientific, technological, and industrial revolutions provided the material and technological foundations for economic globalization. Several rounds of industrial transformation dramatically reduced the cost of goods transportation, the dissemination of information, and the movement of people. In particular, new technological revolutions such as the internet have led to a leveling out in the world and to a degree of interdependence hitherto unknown. The international economic governance system and the post-Cold War market reforms have served as institutional guarantors for economic globalization. After World War II, the Bretton Woods system and the three pillars of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the IMF, and the World Bank emerged as an institutional framework for global economic governance. Coupled with the market reforms of emerging economies after the end of the Cold War, these drove a major upsurge in economic globalization.

总之，经济全球化是由生产力发展和生产关系变革共同推动的客观历史进程，不以人的意志为转移。历史上瘟疫、战争、危机等都曾阻碍经济全球化发展，但全球化潮流最终还是浩浩荡荡，滚滚向前，奔向浩瀚的大海。

In summary, economic globalization is an objective historical process driven jointly by the development of productive forces and changes to the relations of production; it is not determined by the will of man. In the past, plagues, wars, and crises have impeded economic globalization, yet ultimately, its great surge continues ever onward.

(Excerpts from Understanding the Great Trend of Economic Globalization and Expanding Opening Up on All Fronts by CPC Leadership Group of the Ministry of Commerce, Qiushi Journal, No. 01, 2021)

来源：《求是》英文版