高中英語 ▎語法專題之——主謂一致
我們在使用動詞的時候，要注意一點，就是對於不同人稱和單複數主語，我們所使用的謂語動詞形式，會有不同。
簡而言之，謂語動詞形式要和主語的人稱和數上保持一致。
主謂一致的三大原則
01
8.1語法一致原則：
語法一致原則，説的是，句子主語是單數時，謂語動詞用對應單數形式；句子主語是複數時，謂語動詞也要用複數形式。簡單來説，就是主語的單複數，決定了謂語動詞的單複數形式。如：
Frances’sfriends have no intention oftravelling to Italy with her.
(《托斯卡納豔陽下》劇照)
●表示由兩部分構成的物體，如：chopsticks，scissors，glasses(眼鏡)，clothes，shoes，socks等，本身以複數形式出現，作主語時，謂語動詞相應用複數形式。但若這些詞前有單數的數量詞來限定，如a pair of等，則當作一個整體，謂語動詞用單數。
【exercise】
1.The clothes _______(be) dirty,you must have _______ (it) washed.
2.My blue trousers ______(be) worn out. One pair of trousers ______ (be)not enough.
●動名詞，不定式，主語從句作主語，形式上一般看成一個整體，謂語動詞常用單數。如：
Having finished the work makes me relaxed.
To be a barber is my dream.
What he said is difficult to understand.
What引導的主語從句，如果表達的是複數的含義，則謂語動詞需用複數形式。如：
What we need are qualified doctors.
●由and或者both...and...連接兩個並列主語，謂語動詞通常用複數；但如果這兩個並列主語所説的是一件事情，則謂語動詞用單數。如：
Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries.
(2016 四川卷)
Going bed early and getting up early is beneficial to your health.
●Each, every, no修飾名詞作主語，即使有and連接，謂語動詞也用單數。
【exercise】
Each boy and each girl_______ (have)been invited to the tea-party.
●“many a/more than one＋單數名詞”作主語, 雖然表示“不止一個/許多”，但由於表達形式上有“a”和“one”, 因此謂語動詞用單數形式。
Many a doctor and nurse across the country is leaving for Wuhan in support of people there.
●定語從句中，若關係代詞充當主語，則此時從句謂語動詞的單複數，由先行詞決定。如：
Cuihua is a girl who is the most beautiful in our town.
Those who are in favor of this viewpoint please put up your right hand.
02
8.2意義一致原則：
意義一致原則説的是，句子的主語雖然是複數形式，但表達的含義是單數概念時，此時謂語動詞要用單數形式；句子的主語雖然是單數形式，但表達的含義是複數概念時，此時謂語動詞要用複數形式。
Sheep on the hill are grazing.
The young are always full of energy.
The news that Susan found her boyfriend was spreading.
His belongings were stolen by thieves.
●單、複數同形的名詞(sheep，deer，series，means，works，species，Chinese，Japanese等)作主語，謂語動詞的單複數由主語表達的單複數含義來決定。如：
This medicine works was set up in the 1970s.
These medicine works are near my home.
●集體名詞(能夠表達一個羣體)作主語，若表達的含義是複數，則謂語動詞用複數；若表達的是一個整體概念，則謂語動詞用單數(常見的集體名詞有：people, police, family, class, team, group, committee, audience等)。如：
The police are searching for the missing.
The class consists of 10 girls and 20 boys.
(people和police通常只當作複數看待。)
●表示金錢、時間、距離等複數名詞或短語作主語，一般作為一個整體，謂語動詞對應用單數形式。
5 dollars is a large amount of money for children in mountainous areas.
●“分數/百分數+ of+名詞”作主語，謂語動詞由of後面的名詞來決定謂語動詞的單複數。另外，“some (of), plenty of, most (of), the rest of ,all (of), half (of), part (of), the majority of+名詞”結構也是如此。
【exercise】
Lots of damage ________(be) caused by fire last year.
●a number of表示“許多大量”，其後接可數名詞複數作主語，謂語動詞用複數；the number of表示“……的數量”，是一個數字，後接可數名詞複數作主語，謂語動詞用單數。如：
The number of the starfishes is increasing year after year.
●“a (large) amount of，large amounts of+名詞”作主語，謂語動詞由amount的單複數而定。
【exercise】
Large amounts of money _______ (be) spent on the bridge when it was built.
●在主謂倒裝的句子中，謂語動詞的數應與其後的主語一致。如：
Between the two windows hangs a huge picture.
Gone are the days when we worked together, and laughed together.
●疑問詞作主語時，謂語動詞的單複數由疑問詞所表示含義的單複數決定。如：
——Who lives next door ? ——It is Li Lei.
——Who live next door ? ——It is Li Lei and Han Meimei.
03
8.3就近/就遠意義一致原則：
就近一致説的是，謂語動詞的單複數由離它最近的作主語的詞來決定。就近一致的結構主要有：there be句型, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only... but also..., or, not... but...。
就遠一致説的是，謂語動詞的單複數由離它最遠的作主語的詞來決定。比如，由with, together with, along with, as well as, like, but, except, rather than, including, in addition to來連接兩個並列的主語，謂語動詞的單複數形式，由離該謂語動詞最遠的主語來決定。
【exercise】
【exercise】
答 案
【exercise】
1.are; them
2.are; is
【exercise】
has
【exercise】
was
【exercise】
were
【exercise】
1.was
2.have been
3.works
4.am
5.are
【exercise】
1.is regarded
2.is
3.are
4.is
5.has
6.are
7.was given
8.is; have
9.was
10.has given
11.were
12.have played
13.was given
14.is
15.is
16.stands
17.is
18.are
19.includes
20.is