定語從句是高中英語語法中的一個重要的語法項目,也是每年高考英語考查的重點和熱點,主要考查引導定語從句的關係代詞和關係副詞的選擇。
一個簡單句跟在一名詞或代詞後(先行詞)進行修飾限定,就叫做定語從句。先來幾個小測試,看看你定語從句掌握的如何?
定語從句小測試
1.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke
B. to who spoke
C. I spoke to
D. that I spoke
答案:C
解析: “和誰講話”要説speak to sb. 本題全句應為Do you know the man whom I spoke to. whom是關係代詞,作介詞to的賓語,可以省略。
2.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where
B. that
C. which
D. there
答案:A
解析:where是關係副詞,表示地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語。
3.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked
B. which you talked
C. about that you talked
D. that you talked
答案:A
解析:“談到某事物”應説talk about sth.。about 是介詞,其後要用which作賓語 ,不能用that.
4.He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who
B. whom
C. that
D. as
答案:D
解析:such……as是固定用法,as引導定語從句時,可以作主語,賓語或表語 .在本題中,as作表語。
5.I went with him 19. I don't like ______ as you read.
A. the novels
B. the such novels
C. such novels
D. same novels
答案:C
解析:as引導定語從句時通常構成such……as或the same……as固定搭配,其中such和 same修飾其後的名詞,as為關係代詞,指代其前的名詞引導定語從句。as在從句中可以作主語、表語或賓語。Such修飾單數名詞時,要用such a……..本題中such books, such直接修飾複數名詞。
定語從句做題步驟
從定語從句的考點分析,我們可以得出定語從句的做題步驟。
1. 劃出定語從句。簡單來説,就是從空格開始,劃出一個完整的句子。
2. 找出從句的謂語動詞,判斷從句是否缺少主語、賓語或表語等成分。如果從句缺少成分,則根據先行詞選擇相應的關係代詞(which, that, who 和whom,非限制性定語從句不能用that);如果從句不缺少成分,則根據先行詞選擇相應的關係副詞。
定語從句注意事項
1. 注意what 和that 的區別
what 和that 都可以在從句中作主語、賓語和表語,但是what 用在名詞性從句中,而that 用在定語從句中。例如:
What surprised us is that he did it alone.使我們吃驚的是他一個人做了那項工作。(what 在主語從句中作主語)
This is one of the buildings that were built last year.(that 在定語從句中作主語,指物,不能省略。)
2. 注意分隔式定語從句
定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞的後面,但有時候也會被插入語、同位語、狀語、謂語或其他定語等成分分隔。如果是隔開了的定語從句,則要先根據句意找到先行詞,然後再進行句子結構分析。例如:
She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students allows them to communicate freely with each other. 句意:
“他有為學生營造一種良好的(課堂)氛圍的天賦,這種氛圍能夠令學生交流自如。”從句意可知,先行詞是an atmosphere,而不是students,所以此空應填which 或that。
3. 注意限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別
關係代詞that 常用於限制性定語從句中,通常不用於非限制性定語從句。有些考生看到這是一個定語從句,指代物,又是作主語或賓語,就填that。如果這是一個非限制性定語從句,填that 就錯了。例如:
Clock is a kind of instrument, which can tell people time.句意:“鍾是一種能夠告訴人們時間的儀器。”這個句子是一個非限制性定語從句,只能用which 引導,不能用that。
4. 注意定語從句的主謂一致性
關係代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句的謂語必須與先行詞保持人稱和數的一致。例如:
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom 是從美國回來的男孩們中的一個。
定語從句知識清單
清單一:關係代詞與關係副詞的用法
清單二:幾組關係詞的區別
1.that 和which
(1)當先行詞為all, something, anything, nothing, little,any, much, the one, everything, few, some, none, everyone, nobody等不定代詞時,關係代詞用that。例如:
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 對他來説似乎世界上沒有什麼不可能的事。
(2)當先行詞被all,any,no,little,much,only,few,one of,every,very,some,exactly,same 等修飾時,關係代詞用that。例如:
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 這正是我要買的詞典。
(3)先行詞是形容詞最高級、序數詞或被形容詞最高級、序數詞修飾時,關係代詞用that。例如:
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.在倫敦他們參觀的第一個地方是大本鐘。
(4)which 可以和介詞連用,而that 不可以。例如:
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.我們去加拿大所乘坐的飛機實在很舒服。
(5)引導非限制性定語從句時,關係代詞要用which,不能用that。例如:
The People's Republic of China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中華人民共和國是1949 年成立的,現在正變得越來越強大。
2. as 和which
(1)非限制性定語從句中的謂語是實義動詞時,只能用which 作定語從句的主語。例如:
The sports meeting was put off, which astonished us. 運動會被推遲,這讓我們吃驚。
(2) as 意為“正如……”,後面的謂語動詞多是see,know, hear,watch,remember,discover,say,tell 等。例如:
He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent. 他是個外國人,正像我從他的口音判斷的那樣。
(3)謂語是say,imagine,expect,report,know,show,point,mention,announce 等動詞的被動形式時,只能用as 作定語從句的主語。例如:
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earthonce every month. 眾所周知,月亮每個月繞行地球一次。
(4)as 引導的非限制性定語從句既可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句後;which 引導的非限制性定語從句通常放在主句之後。例如:
As we all know, eating too much sugar is bad for our health。眾所周知,吃太多糖對我們的身體不好。
清單三:省略關係詞的情況
1. 當關系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語,而介詞又在句末時,關係代詞可省略,當關系代詞作動詞賓語時也可省略。
例如:
I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hong Kong.我將不會忘記我在香港度過的那一天。
2. 當先行詞way 後面的關係代詞為that 或 in which 時,that 或in which 可省略。例如:
I did not like the way (that/in which) he talked to me. 我不喜歡他對我談話的方式。
清單四:在定語從句中,如果關係代詞代替了對應的單詞,那麼這個單詞在定語從句中就不能再出現,否則就重複了。例如:
I'll never forget the day which/that I spent here.(the day 不能再出現了)我將不會忘記在這裏度過的那一天。
清單五:whose 表示所屬關係,與名詞連用,可指人或物
whose 用來指物時,可用“of which”來替代,此時詞序為“限定詞 名詞 of which”或“of which 限定詞 名詞”。例如:
He studies in a school whose buildings are beautiful. =Hestudies in a school the buildings of which are beautiful.=He studiesin a school of which the buildings are beautiful. 他就讀的學校的樓房很漂亮。
清單六:當先行詞是case,condition,situation,position,point,stage,occasion 等名詞,表示情況、方面、處境時,且引導詞在從句中作狀語,則關係副詞用where。
例如:
He had to face the condition where pressure was heavy. 他必須面對壓力很大的情況。
清單七:“介詞 關係代詞”引導定語從句的用法
1. 當先行詞表示時間,定語從句中缺少時間狀語時,通常用關係副詞when 引導,此時也可選用表示時間的介詞+which 來代替關係副詞when。例如:
I still remember the day when I came here.( when=on which)我還記得我到這裏度過的那一天。
2. 當先行詞表示地點,定語從句中缺少地點狀語時,通常用關係副詞where 引導,此時也可選用表示地點的介詞+which 來代替關係副詞where。例如:
This is the house where I lived last year.( where =in which)這就是我去年住過的房子。
3. 當先行詞為reason,定語從句中缺少表示原因的狀語時,通常用關係副詞why 引導,此時也可以用for which 來代替關係副詞why。例如:
There are many reasons why people like traveling.(why=for which)人們喜歡旅遊的原因有很多。