長難句通常是作者為了表達的需要，給主句添加許多附屬成分（包含非謂語形式）、並列成分和使用大量的(clauses)分句。分句包含並列關係、主從關係和兩者的結合——並列中有主從關係，主從中有並列關係（複雜分句結構）。
2021屆河北衡水高中英語新高考閲讀理解
（01）長難句理解考點分析總結
隨着《高中英語課程標準》的正式發佈，高考英語對考生的英語水平要求越來越高。除了詞彙量的要求更高外，句子理解能力的要求也更高，主要體現在高考英語試題中長難句越來越多，因此參加高考的考生必須突破長難句理解這一關。那麼考生首先要學會分析句子結構。
句子結構
根據用途句子分為陳述句，疑問句，祈使句和感嘆句。根據結構分可為簡單句、並列複合句和主從複合句。
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簡單句
概述:??只有一個主語(或並列主語)和一個謂語(或並列謂語)?即只包含一個主謂結構的句子叫簡單句。也就是説，各個句子成分均由單詞或短語充當的句子叫簡單句。如：
More and more Chinese people are learning English now.
現在越來越多的中國人在學英語。
My father and mother go to work at 7am and come back home at 6pm.
我的父親和母親每天早上七點去上班，下午六點才回家。
六種基本句子結構
句子的基本結構有下列六種：
1).?主語+系動詞+表語??如：
All the students are on the playground.
The problem is who can really repair the machine.
問題是誰能真正修理這台機器。
2).? There be句型（又叫存在句）（可用不同的時態和情態動詞）如：
There have been major changes in advertising in the past sixty years.
在過去六十年裏，廣告有過一些重大的變化。
There must have been great achievements made.Otherwise they wouldn’t have been so pleased.
他們一定取得了巨大的成就，要不然他們不會這麼高興的。
If there were no examinations, we should have a much happier time at school.
如果沒有考試，我們在學校讀書會更為快樂。
3).??主語+謂語（不及物動詞）??如：
We work hard at English.
我們努力學習英語。
He doesn’t work here any longer.
他已不在這兒工作了。
4).??主語+謂語（及物動詞）+賓語??如：
Of all the subjects, I like English and maths most.
所以科目中，我最喜歡英語和數學。
Xiao Li has made great progress in his study of physics.
小李在物理學習方面已經取得了很大的進步。
5).?主語+謂語（及物動詞）+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）??如：
He promised me to buy me a bike as a present on my birthday.
他答應我給我買一輛自行車作為我的生日禮物。
6).?主語+謂語（及物動詞）+複合賓語（賓語+賓語補足語）??如：
On arriving there, I found the meeting over.
我一到達那兒就發現會議已經結束了。
The students often keep their classroom clean and tidy.
學生們經常保持教室乾淨整潔。
並列複合句
概述:??一個句子包含有兩個或更多互不依從的主謂結構，這些主謂結構各構成一個分句，由並列連詞連接在一起，就是並列複合句。
常見並列連詞
1).??分句間為並列關係的常用連詞：?and?（和）, ?not only…but also…（不僅……而且……）, ?neither…nor?…(既不……也不……)等，以及連接副詞（通常要求用逗號“，”與所引導的並列分句隔開）：besides（而且）。如：
She set out soon after dark and arrived home anhour later.
她天剛黑她才出發，一個小時她就到家了。
Not only does Xiao Zhang often write to me, but also he often comes to see me.
小張不僅經常給我寫信，而且還經常來看我。
2).?分句間為轉折關係的常用連詞：?but?（但是）, ?and yet?（然而）, , while?（然而）（強調轉折對比的含義）, whereas?（然而）, nevertheless?（儘管如此，仍然）等，以及連接副詞（通常要求用逗號“，”與所引導的並列分句隔開）：however（然而）如：
-- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
-- I’d like to, but I’m too busy.
－請你今天晚上來吃飯，好嗎？
－我非常願意，但我忙不過來。
She thought I was talking about her daughter, while,in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
她以為我在説她的女兒，而事實上我是在説我的女兒。
3).?分句間為選擇關係的常用連詞：?or?（或者，否則，要不然）, otherwise (否則，要不然), or else (否則，要不然), either…or…(不是……就是……)等。如：
Don’t stand at the door; either you come in or you go out to play.
不要站在門口，你要麼進來，要麼出去玩。
Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away ?
你是喝咖啡還是讓我們立即開始幹正事?
4)??分句間為因果關係的常用連詞：?for?（因為，由於）, ?so?（因此，所以）等，以及連接副詞（通常要求用逗號“，”與所引導的並列分句隔開）：?? therefore?（因此,所以）, ?hence?（因此）等。如：
Everybody lent a hand, so the sowing was done in time.
人人動手，結果播種及時完成。
It rained, therefore, the football match was postponed.
天下雨，所以足球比賽延期了。
5)??分句間存在時間關係的常用連詞：?when?（這時，在那時），前一個分句表示的動作正在進行的期間，發生了另外一件事，這裏的?when?的意思相當於?and at that moment.
The farmers were busy getting in crops when it began to rain.
這些農民正在忙着收割莊稼這時開始下雨了。
I was doing my homework when suddenly the lights went out.
我正在做作業，當時突然電停了。
主從複合句
概述:??由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成的句子叫主從複合句。主句為句子的主體，從句從屬於主句並充當主句的一個成分。根據從句在句中的句法功能，從句可分為：名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。
名詞性從句
概述： 名詞性從句的功能相當於名詞。根據其在句中充當的成分，可分為：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
主語從句
在複合句中做主語的從句叫主語從句。引導主語從句的連詞：that（無意義，所引導的主語從句是完整的），whether?（是否），if?（是否）（通常只能用於it作形式主語的主語從句），連結代詞：?who?（誰）（主格）, whom?（誰）（賓格）, whose?（誰的）（所有格）, what?（什麼，所……的（東西或事情））, which?（那個，那些），whoever?（無論誰）（主格）, whomever?（無論誰）（賓格）, whatever（無論什麼）, whichever?（無論那個，無論那些），連接副詞：?when（何時）, where?（何地）, how?（怎樣，如何）, why?（為什麼）等。如：
That the 2022 Winter Olympic Games?will be held in Chengde?is known to us all.
=It is known to us all?that the 2022Winter Olympic Games will be held in Chengde.
=What is known to us all?is that the 2022 Winter Olympic Games will be held in Chengde.
眾所周知，２022年冬季奧運會將在承德舉行。
賓語從句
在句中做賓語的從句叫賓語從句。賓語從句可以作謂語動詞、介詞、非謂語動詞和一些形容詞的賓語。引導賓語從句的連詞：that（無意義，所引導的主語從句是完整的），whether?（是否），?if?（是否）（通常只能用於賓語從句，但不能與or not連用）,?連結代詞：?who?（誰）（主格）, whom?（誰）（賓格）, whose?（誰的）（所有格）, what?（什麼，所……的（東西或事情））, which?（那個，那些），whoever?（無論誰）（主格）, whomever?（無論誰）（賓格）, whatever（無論什麼）, whichever?（無論那個，無論那些），連接副詞：?when（何時）, where?（何地）, how?（怎樣，如何）, why?（為什麼）等。如：
No one can be sure?what man will look like in a million years.
沒有人確知人類在一百萬年後會是什麼樣子。
-- We haven’t heard from her for a long time.
--?What?do you think?has happened to her?
－我們很久沒有收到她的來信了。
－你認為她出了什麼事嗎？
We all consider it a pity?that he was not able to join us in going camping.
我們都認為他不能跟我們一起去野營是一件遺憾的事。
表語從句
在複合句中做主句表語的從句叫表語從句.引導表語從句的連詞：that（無意義，所引導的主語從句是完整的），whether （是否），連結代詞：who （誰）（主格）, whom （誰）（賓格）, whose （誰的）（所有格）, what （什麼，所……的（東西或事情））, which （那個，那些），whoever （無論誰）（主格）, whomever （無論誰）（賓格）, whatever （無論什麼）, whichever （無論那個，無論那些），連接副詞：when（何時）, where （何地）, how （怎樣，如何）, why （為什麼）, as if/though（好像）, because（因為，由於）等。
Is it?because we are closer to the sun in summer than we are in winter?
這是原因我們在夏天比冬天離太陽更近嗎？
The reason why he was ill is?that he was caught in the heavy rain last night.
他生病的原因是他昨天晚上淋雨了。
His white hair was so hard that it looked?as if it had been electrified.
他的白頭髮如此硬的以致看起來象觸了電似的。
同位語從句
用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句，一般跟在一些名詞如：idea（觀點，看法）, news（消息）, word（消息）， fact（事實） , promise（諾言）, truth（事實）, hope（願望）, information（消息，信息）, knowledge（知識）, problem（問題）, thought（思想，想法）belief （相信，看法）等後面，用以説明名詞表示的具體內容。引導同位語從句的連詞有：that（無意義，所引導的主語從句是完整的），whether （是否），連接副詞：when（何時）, where （何地）, how （怎樣，如何）, why （為什麼）等。如：
You would have no idea?how excited I was at that moment.
你不會知道我當時是多麼的激動。
The news?that he won the English Competition?surprised us most.
他贏得英語競賽這個消息使我們感到非常驚訝。
（該句中的that引導同位語從句，?that?不作任何句子成分只起引導作用。）
定語從句
在複合句中作定語的從句叫定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，定語從句一般位於先行詞之後，引導定語從句的詞叫關係詞，可分為關係代詞和關係副詞。關係詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，引導定語從句，同時它又作定語從句的一個成分。使用什麼樣的關係詞要根據先行詞在定語從句中所作的句子成分而定。關係代詞在定語從句中做主語時不能省略，作賓語時在限定性定語從句中可省略，但如果直接置於介詞之後作賓語，則不可省略。關係代詞which?或whom?在從句中作介詞的賓語時，介詞一般可放在?which?或whom之前，也可放在從句原來的位子上，在含有介詞的動詞固定詞組中，介詞只能放在原來位子上，而不放在?which?或whom?之前。
It is dangerous to let the children?who aren’t old enough?swim alone in the river.
讓那些年齡不夠大的孩子們單獨去河裏游泳是危險的。
The building?whose roof we can see from here?is a hotel.
=The building,?the roof of which we can see from here, is a hotel.
=The building,?of which the roof we can see from here, is a hotel.
從這兒我們可以看見它的屋頂的那幢建築是一家旅館。
The scientist and his achievements?(that ) you told me about?are admired by us all.
你講到的那位科學家和他所取得的成績被我們大家所敬佩。
As is mentioned above, the numberof the students in senior school is increasing.
正如上面所提到的那樣，高中生的人數正在增長。
狀語從句
在從句中作狀語的從句叫狀語從句。用於修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞等。狀語從句由從屬連詞引導，根據意義，狀語從句可分為：時間,?地點,?原因,?結果,?條件,?目的,?比較,方式,?讓步等九種。狀語從句可以放在句末或句首，有時也置於句子的中間，置於句首時或句中時，一般用逗號與主句分開。
時間狀語從句
如：
When you read the poem a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.
當你再一次對這首詩時，你就會更清楚它的意思。
Since he entered the university, he has made great progress in his studies.
自從他進入大學以來，他的學習取得了很大進步。
Scarcely had he entered the classroom?when the teacher began his lecture.
我剛進教室老師就開始上課了。
地點狀語從句
如：
After the war, a new school building was put up?where there had once been a theatre.
戰爭結束後，一幢教學樓在曾經是家劇院的地方建了起來。
You should make it a rule to leave things?where you can find them again.
你應該養成一種習慣,即把東西放在下次好找的地方。
原因狀語從句
如：
He didn’t hear the knocking at the door?because he was listening to the radio.
他沒有聽見敲門聲，因為他在聽收音機。
As he didn’t know much English, he got out his dictionary and looked up the word.
由於他不懂英語，他拿出詞典，開始查這個單詞。
目的狀語從句
如：
John may phone tonight. I don’t want to go out?in case he phones.
約翰今晚可能打電話來，我不想出去，以防萬一他打來電話。
I’ll leave him a message?so that he will know where we are.
我會給他留個口信，以便他會知道我們在那兒。
結果狀語從句
如：
They worked hard,?so that they finished their work ahead of time.
他們都努力工作，以致他們都提前完成了工作。
He gave me such good advice?that I finished the task ahead of time.
他給我提出瞭如此好的建議，以致我都提前完成了任務。
條件狀語從句
如：
I wonder if she will help us but I think?if she helps us?we’ll be able to complete the work ahead of time.
我不知道她是否會幫助我，我想，要是她幫助我的話，我就能夠提前完成這個工作。
I’ll lend you my dictionary?on condition that you bring it back in two days.
我會把詞典借給你，條件是你兩天後就還回來。
比較狀語從句
如：
The heart transplant is not done nearly as often?as it was ten years ago.
心臟移植手術並不象十年前那樣經常進行。
They will produce 20% more computers?than we did last year.
他們將會並去年多生產百分之二十的計算機。
方式狀語從句
如：
All plants need air?as they need water.
所有的植物需要空氣正如植物需要水一樣。
They talked so much?as though/if they had been friends for years.
他們談得非常投機，好象他們是多年的朋友似的。
讓步狀語從句
如：
Although he is considered a great writer, his works are not widely read.
儘管他被認為是個偉大的作家，但他的作品並沒有廣泛地被閲讀。
If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty,?however great it is.
如果我們意志堅強，無論困難有多大，我們都能戰勝它。
Youngest as he is in our class, he sings English songs best.
儘管他是我們班最小的，但他的英語歌唱得最好。
分析句子的第一步就是了解英語句子的基本結構，然後才能對複雜的句子結構進行分析。
而複雜的句子結構的產生主要有兩種方式，即添加附屬成分（包含非謂語形式）和使用大量的(clauses)分句。具體方法如下：
1、帶有較多附屬成分的簡單句。簡單句的主幹部分主謂（賓）可以是多個並列的主語、謂語或賓語，主謂（賓）可以有多個附屬修飾成分（定語、狀語和同位語等），還可能有插入語等。如：
Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines，the tooth paste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations aswell as the specific women’s magazines to be used.
【解析】?在這個有30多個詞的簡單句中，句首用了現在分詞的完成式Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines作時間狀語，動詞chosen後有並列賓語family television programs and women’s magazines；the toothpaste marketer是主語，中間for instance是插入語，must select是謂語，the exact television programs and stations aswell as the specific women’s magazines是三個並列賓語；句末不定式to be used修飾賓語the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines。
【理解】例如，決定選擇家庭電視節目和婦女雜誌後，牙膏經銷商還必須挑選出要用的確切的電視節目和電視台，以及那些具體的婦女雜誌。
2、含有多個分句的並列句。通過標點符號和並列連詞分解出每個分句，變成簡單句來理解。如：
Discrimination(歧視) isn’t their only concern；almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington’s gene(基因)develops symptoms(症狀)during middle age，?and doctors can do nothing to help.
【解析】三個分句均為簡單句，分別用分號和and連接。第二個分句用動名詞短語almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington’s gene(基因)做主語，develops是謂語，symptoms(症狀)是賓語，during middle age是時間狀語。
【理解】擔心受到歧視並不是他們唯一的憂慮，幾乎所有遺傳性亨廷頓病基因檢測呈陽性的人在中年時症狀都會顯現出來，而醫生對此卻無能為力。
3、含有多個分句的主從句。首先要找出主句，然後根據從屬連詞分解出不同種類的從句，按層次理解。如：
His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（無知地）?enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.
【解析】His journey to the e-mail hell是主句的主語，began是謂語，innocently（無知地）?enough是方式狀語，連詞when引導時間狀語從句，主語是he，其前as chairman of Computer Associates International，是he的同位語，a software company是Computer Associates International的同位語；heard是謂語，how是連詞，引導賓語從句（感嘆句結構）how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.做謂語動詞heard的賓語。
【理解】他在電子郵件的地獄之旅是糊里糊塗開始的。作為國際計算機聯合公司這家軟件公司的董事長，他當時還是第一次聽説他的僱員們是多麼快地就接受了他們公司新的電子郵件系統。
4.?複雜分句結構。在各個分句之間，並列中有主從關係，主從中有並列關係，就構成了複雜分句結構。分析複雜分句結構的關鍵是抓住主幹成分（主謂結構）和連詞，分析分句之間的邏輯關係，遵循由主到從的理解順序，把複雜的句子變成簡單句來理解。如：
However，those of us?who are parents of children in this age group?know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(預期的) workplace may not have a place for them.
【解析】However是插入語，those of us是主句的主語，其後由關係代詞who引導定語從句who are parents of children in this age group修飾主語；know是主句的謂語，其後連詞that?…?andthat引導兩個並列的賓語從句that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生)graduate with the belief；在第二個賓語從句中the belief之後是連詞that引導的同位語從句，説明the belief的具體內容。
【理解】然而，我們這些有這個年齡段孩子的家長們都知道，這樣的機會少得可憐；我們也知道，許多文科畢業生認為未來的就業市場沒有他們的一席之地。
5.?省略、倒裝和分隔現象。閲讀理解中常常會出現省略、倒裝和分隔現象。省略結構可用補全法，即把缺的句子成分補充出來；倒裝結構可用還原法，即把語序還原成正常的語序；分隔結構可用歸位法，即把分隔的內容放回到所修飾的詞後面。如：
Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast.
【解析】主句的主語是I，其前Having collected and evaluated the information是現在分詞的完成式做時間狀語；謂語是help，賓語是other scientists，不定式短語to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast.是賓語補足語，在不定式短語中，動詞後由連詞where…andhow?引導兩個賓語從句，第二個賓語從句是感嘆句，用了省略結構，補充完整為how fast lava from the volcano will flow。
【理解】蒐集和評價這些信息之後，我幫助其他科學家預測接下來火山的熔岩會流向何處，以及流速有多快。
又如：
Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have$5,000 in loans(貸款) after four years — loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.
【解析】分析本句應抓住其關鍵結構：it is not unusual for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。it是形式主語，動詞不定式的複合結構for a student to have $5,000 inloans(貸款) after four years是真正的主語，不定式的邏輯主語a student。要注意not unusual是雙重否定，實際表示肯定含義。特別要注意連詞even if讓步狀語從句even ifhe works part time at college and full time during the summer被插在不定式結構中，產生了分離現象，增加了考生的理解難度。只需把讓步狀語從句放回到句首，理解難度就不大了。另外，破折號後loans是同位語，that是關係代詞，引導定語從句that he must start to repay within one year after graduation修飾先行詞loans。
【理解】一個學生即使在上課期間做兼職工作，在暑假期間做全職工作，四年下來他仍會欠下5，000美元學費貸款。而這筆錢必須在畢業後一年內開始償還。這樣的事現在已經是很平常了。
長難句的理解不僅僅出現在閲讀理解題型中，其他題型也經常出現。如：
全國二卷語法填空題：
The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government????68????(start) a soil-testing program????69???gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【解析】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture是主語，finds是謂語，連詞that引導賓語從句that between 2005?…?and 2011, ?fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons。賓語從句中between 2005?…?and 2011是時間狀語，破折號中間是關係副詞when引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞2005，由於2005是過去一點時間，所以68空應該填過去時started。在定語從句中，program是先行詞，69空後是定語從句，先行詞program在定語從句中指物做主語，應該用關係代詞that/which引導。
【理解】中國農業部發現，2005年中國政府開始實施土壤測試項目，該項目（根據測試）向農民推薦具體使用什麼化肥，從那時到2011年， 化肥使用量減少了七百七十萬噸。
在分析句子成分時，應特別注意下列幾點：
1.句首的並列連詞and、or、but、for通常起承上啓下的作用，不要將他們歸入後文的句子結構分析；
2.是否有同位語和插入語；
3.判斷並列成分的層次；
4.替代詞的所指對象；
5.是否有省略、倒裝和分隔等現象；
6.在分句多的句子中，注意分句中又包含分句的現象；
7.非謂語動詞短語在句中作次要成分（定語和狀語）時又帶着自己較長的從屬成分，尤其是狀語從句或賓語從句時的結構分析；
8.在有多個分句的複雜句子結構中，狀語（單個詞、短語或從句）究竟是全句的修飾語還是某個從句或某個詞語的修飾語。
閲讀理解長難句理解專題練習：
1. I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our non-renewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.
2. I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.
3. They also found that the bus conductor hada major role in preventing vandalism（故意破壞行為），and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares，vandalism did not often occur.
4.?Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
5. If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like“Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror.
6. Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.
7. At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(納米技術) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.
8. What emerges(浮現) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.
9. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique.
10. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime.
閲讀理解長難句理解專題練習解析：
1. I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our non-renewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.
【解析】主句的主語是I，謂語是can’t live，in fear of the possibility是方式狀語。在方式狀語中，that是連詞，引導同位語從句that?…?our children may have to lead poorer lives.，説明the possibility的內容。在同位語從句中，as是連詞，引導兩個並列的原因狀語從句as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our non-renewable(不能再生的) resources。
【理解】我不能總是生活在對這種可能性的憂慮中：由於地球上人口的不斷增長，由於我們正在消耗掉越來越多的非再生資源，我們的孩子可能不得不過着更加貧窮的生活。
2. I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.
【解析】but是並列連詞，前後分句之間是轉折關係。在第二個分句中，that是連詞，引導同位語從句that?…change was unavoidable。在同位語從句中，whether…是連詞，引導讓步狀語從句whether I liked it or not。
【理解】?我經歷過好的變化，也經歷過壞的變化，但是我從來沒有懷疑過這樣一個事實，即不管我喜歡與否，變化總是不可避免的。
3. They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破壞行為），and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares，vandalism did not often occur.
【解析】?and是並列連詞，連接前後兩個並列分句。在前一個並列分句中，that是連詞，引導賓語從句that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破壞行為）；在後一個並列分句中，he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares是定語從句，修飾先行詞times，定語從句前省略了關係詞that或when。
【理解】他們還發現公交車售票員在防止發生故意破壞方面發揮了重要的作用。當售票員到雙層公交車的上層收費時，破壞行為就不常發生。
4.?Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
【解析】whereas是連詞，引導讓步狀語從句a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage,，主句是it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say …，主句中，it為形式主語，真正的主語為動詞不定式短語to hear a man say …。動詞不定式後say是賓語補足語，say後he didn’t know …是省略了連詞that的賓語從句。賓語從句中his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble是動詞know省略了連詞that 的賓語從句。最後一個分句是連詞until引導的時間狀語從句until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep onthe sofa，其主句是say是賓語從句he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble。
【理解】女性最親密朋友總是第一時間被告知她的婚姻走到盡頭，而男性朋友總是直到他出現在面前詢問是否可以在朋友的沙發上過夜的時候才知道他現在的婚姻出問題了。
5. If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like“Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror.
【解析】連詞but連接前後兩個並列分句。前一個分句中包含一個連詞if引導的條件狀語從句If you ask people to name one person…，條件狀語從句中包含一個關係代詞who引導的定語從句who had the greatest effect on the English language，修飾先行詞one person。後一個分句中，過去分詞短語compared to a man …用作方式狀語，在方式狀語中包含一個關係代詞who引導的定語從句who didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror，修飾先行詞a man，William是a man的同位語，the Conqueror是William的同位語。
【理解】如果你現在問人們誰對英語產生的影響最大，你會得到像“Shakespeare,”“Samuel Johnson,”和“Webster”等答案。但是以上這三人對英語的影響都無法和一位甚至英語都不會講的征服者—— William相比。
6. Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.
【解析】主句的主語是Pasteur，謂語是discovered，其後的連詞第一個that引導的是賓語從句that heating the wine gently for a few minutes … would kill off the yeast。在賓語從句中heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast 是動名詞短語做主語，動名詞短語中包含一個連詞after引導的狀語從句after it had fermented，修飾動詞heating。賓語從句中的賓語the yeast後是關係代詞that引導的定語從句that was left in the wine，修飾先行詞the yeast。with the result…是介詞短語作結果狀語，介詞的賓語the result後是連詞that引導的同位語從句that the wine would remain fresh for much longer。
【理解】Pasteur發現，在葡萄酒發酵後，緩慢加熱酒幾分鐘，就能夠殺死殘留在酒中的酵母，結果葡萄酒就會很長時間地保持新鮮。
7. At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(納米技術) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.
【解析】At the conference in San Francisco是地點狀語，Donald Louria是主句的主語，a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark是Donald Louria的同位語，said是謂語，後面advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(納米技術) make it likely …是省略了連詞that的賓語從句，做謂語said的賓語。賓語從句中，advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(納米技術)是主語，make是謂語，it是形式賓語，likely是賓語補足語，連詞that引導真正的賓語從句that humans will live in the future beyond what has beenpossible in the past。在這個賓語從句中，beyond what has been possible in the past是介詞短語做方式狀語，在方式狀語中，連詞what引導賓語從句what has been possible in the past做介詞beyond的賓語。
【理解】在舊金山的會議上,位於紐瓦克的新澤西醫學院的教授唐納德?羅利亞説,基因利用以及納米技術的進步使人類未來的壽命有可能延長到從前不可能達到的地步。
8. What emerges(浮現) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.
【解析】連詞What引導主語從句What emerges做主句在主語，is a picture of an environment是系表結構做謂語。關係副詞where引導引導定語從句the emphasis is on managing the technology…rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace，修飾先行詞an environment。該句中介詞on後有三個動詞-ing形式短語作其賓語，分別為：managing，promoting和providing。在這個定語從句中，連詞as引導原因狀語從句修飾managing。
【理解】這就勾勒出了這樣一種工作環境，在這種環境中，只重視科技手段對員工工作的監視作用，而不考慮提高客户服務質量和提高公平的工作場所。
9. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.
【解析】the theorem是主句的主語，其前First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century是過去分詞短語做時間狀語，其中，Pierrede Format是the French mathematician的同位語。had baffled and beaten是主句的並列謂語，the finest mathematical minds是主句的賓語。including a French woman scientist …是介詞短語做定語。在這個定語中，關係代詞who…and who …引導兩個定語從句who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique，修飾先行詞.a French woman scientist。在第二個定語從句中，in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique是不定式短語做目的狀語。
【理解】這個定理，先是由十七世紀法國數學家皮爾法特提出，曾使一批傑出的數學大師為難，包括一位法國女科學家，她在解決這個難題方面取得了重大的進展，她曾女扮男裝以便能夠在伊科爾理工學院學習。
10. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers,although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime.
【解析】主句是It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers，其中It是形式主語，動詞不定式短語to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers是真正的主語，介詞短語as a result of use of Internet-connected computers是原因狀語。連詞although引導讓步狀語從句although just about anyone …can tell you …。在這個讓步狀語從句中，主語anyone後是關係代詞who引導的定語從句who works in an office，修飾先行詞anyone，謂語can tell後是間接賓語you，然後是連詞that引導的賓語從句that…the printers start working overtime做直接賓語。在這個賓語從句中，包含一個由連詞when引導的時間狀語從句when e-mail is introduced。
【理解】由於因特網的使用，計算所使用紙張的數量是很難的，然而幾乎任何在辦公室工作的人都能告訴你，在引進電子郵件後，打印機就開始超時工作。
