上有日月星辰，下有汪洋深淵，大觀宇宙洪荒，小處見微塵粒子。千百年來，人類社會的進步總是伴隨著對自然規律的追問，和對科學真理的探索。
日前，中央廣播電視總檯釋出了2021年度國內十大科技新聞和國際十大科技新聞。就讓我們一起來看看，在即將過去的2021年裡，科學家們為改變世界都做了些什麼吧~
2021國內十大科技新聞
1. 中國“人造太陽”創億度百秒世界新紀錄
China's "artificial sun" nuclear fusion reactor in Hefei, capital of east China's Anhui Province, has set a new world record after running at the temperature of 120 million degrees Celsius for 101 seconds in May, laying the foundation for the country to build its own nuclear fusion energy station in the future.
2. 中國空間站開啟有人長期駐留時代
China's unfinished space station has welcomed two batches of taikonauts for months-long stay. The Shenzhou-12 crew, including three taikonauts, entered the space station's core module Tianhe in mid-June and lived there for three months till mid-September. The Shenzhou-13 crew, including a female taikonaut and her two male colleagues, arrived at Tianhe in mid-October and will stay there for six months.
3. “天問一號”成功實現火星著陸
The rover of China's first Mars probe Tianwen-1 touched down on the red planet on May 15. It landed at a pre-selected landing zone in the southern part of an icy area of the planet known as Utopia Planitia.
China launched the Mars probe, which consists of an orbiter, a lander and a rover, on July 23 last year, aiming to complete orbiting, landing and roving in one mission.
4. 中國新冠滅活疫苗III期臨床實驗結果在全球首次發表
Two COVID-19 vaccines developed by China's Sinopharm have shown an efficacy of over 72 percent in large-scale phase-3 clinical trials, according to a study published in The Journal of the American Medical Association in May.
It is the world's first published phase-3 study results of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines, according to the company.
5. 中國首次實現澱粉的全人工合成
Chinese scientists have become the first in the world to develop an artificial method of synthesizing starch from carbon dioxide (CO2).
The study, published online in the journal Science in September, was conducted by Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The new approach makes it possible to alter starch production from traditional agricultural planting to industrial manufacturing and opens up a new technical route for synthesizing complex molecules from CO2, according to the researchers.
6. 我國首個超導量子計算原型機“祖沖之號”問世
A group of researchers from the University of Science and Technology of China in China in May designed and made the country's first superconducting quantum computer prototype, named "Zu Chongzhi" after the accomplished Chinese mathematician from the fifth century.
The study, led by renowned Chinese quantum physicist Pan Jianwei, was published in the top scientific journal Science in May.
7. “深海一號”能源站正式投產
China's first self-operated 1.5-kilometer deep-water gas exploration platform, "Deep Sea No. 1," started production on June 25.
Located in south China's Hainan Province, it is expected to supply 3 billion cubic meters of deep-sea natural gas each year to Guangdong, Hainan and Hong Kong.
8. 我國科學家觀測到迄今宇宙中最高能量光子
Chinese scientists have detected photons with energies exceeding 1 Peta-electron volt (quadrillion electron-volts or PeV), 100 times more than the record high achieved by any man-made accelerator on Earth. One photon with an energy of 1.4 PeV was detected, the highest value ever observed by humans.
The finding was based on the observations of China's Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory, one of the country's key national science and technology infrastructure facilities, which is under construction in Daocheng, southwest China's Sichuan Province.
The discovery was published in the journal Nature in May.
9. “嫦娥五號”月球樣品揭示月球演化奧秘
Chinese scientists have discovered that lunar volcanic activities existed about 800 million to 900 million years later than previously thought after analyzing lunar samples collected and brought back by the Chang'e-5 mission, suggesting the moon cooled down much more slowly.
Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Geology and Geophysics presented their results in three papers published in Nature in October.
10. “海鬥一號”無人潛水器跨入萬米科考應用新階段
China's self-developed unmanned submersible "Haidou-1" has realized large-scale, full acoustic detection cruise and probe at Challenger Deep in Mariana Trench for the first time with a max diving depth of 10,908 meters and a consecutive working time of over eight hours.
2021國際十大科技新聞
1. 聯合國生物多樣性大會透過“昆明宣言”
The first part of the COP15 UN Biodiversity Conference was held from October 11 to 15 in southwest China's Kunming City. The conference saw the adoption of the Kunming Declaration. It commits to securing an effective post-2020 global biodiversity framework, reversing the current loss of biodiversity, and ensuring that biodiversity is put on a path to recovery by 2030.
2. 人工智慧演算法“阿爾法摺疊”實現蛋白質三維結構的精準預測
An AI system has solved a 50-year-old protein folding problem in hours. AlphaFold, created by DeepMind, can rapidly and accurately predict how proteins fold to get their 3D shapes. This complex problem had troubled researchers for decades. The breakthrough will help scientists design drugs and understand diseases.
3. 多國科學家聯合公佈史上最詳細的三維宇宙圖
Global astrophysicists published the largest-ever 3D map of the universe in July. The map relies on the latest observations of a 20-year long project called the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. It reveals a complete expansion history of the universe over billions of years.
4. 中俄將合作建設國際月球科研站
China and Russia revealed their road map for a joint International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) in June. The plan guides their collaboration and development in the project. Chinese and Russian space officials noted that the ILRS might involve other stakeholders, other countries and private organizations.
5. “中國天眼”FAST正式對全球科學界開放
China's Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST), the world's largest single-dish radio telescope, opened to global scientists and began accepting observation applications from astronomers starting from March 31.
6. 美國“毅力號”成功降落火星
Perseverance, the biggest, most advanced rover ever sent into orbit by NASA, became the ninth U.S. spacecraft to successfully land on Mars in February. The six-wheeled rover had survived its perilous descent and arrived within its target zone inside Jezero Crater, a 45-kilometer-wide basin located on the planet's northern hemisphere.
7. 中國新冠抗體藥物JS016安全有效性獲世界認可
The Institute of Microbiology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed an antiviral medicine for COVID-19, called JS016. The medication has been used for emergency treatment both domestically and overseas.
8. 中國構建天地一體化廣域量子通訊網
Chinese researchers have made a crucial breakthrough in quantum communication, boosting the future development of secure satellite-based long-distance and global quantum communication networks. The network enabled the direct transmission of confidential information among the users connected by the network for the first time.
9. 德國物理學家研發出迄今最小的生物超級電容器
German scientists have developed what they say is the smallest microsupercapacitor in the world. Measured 0.001 cubic millimeters, the microsupercapacitor is being used in artificial blood vessels and can be used as an energy source for a tiny sensor system to measure pH.
10. 中外科學家對首個恆星級黑洞做出精確測量
Astronomers from China, the U.S. and Australia have reported new observations on the first black hole ever detected, according to research published in February. Named Cygnus X-1, the black hole system contains a stellar-mass black hole with a 21 solar mass that rotates at a speed close to the speed of light, according to the study.