在港股IPO承銷協議等協議中,經常會見到主承銷商、獨家保薦人、全球協調人、賬簿管理人、牽頭經辦人等各種各樣的稱呼,那麼,他們具體指的是哪些機構,在IPO中又扮演着怎樣的角色呢?以下將一一道來:
※ 主承銷商Lead underwriter。主承銷商,是指在股票發行中獨家承銷或牽頭組織承銷團經銷的證券經營機構。主承銷商是股票發行人聘請的最重要的中介機構。它既是股票發行的主承銷商,又是發行人的財務顧問,且往往還是發行人上市的推薦人。當一家企業決定發行股票後,往往會有幾家、十幾家甚至幾十家證券經營機構去爭取擔任主承銷商,競爭十分激烈。 A lead underwriter is an investment bank or another financial organization that has the primary directive for organizing a security offering for public companies. This company works with other investment banks to establish an underwriter syndicate. 主承銷商一般也會擔任賬簿管理人(bookrunner)以及全球協調人(global coordinator)。
國際上,主承銷商一般是由信譽卓著、實力雄厚的商人銀行(英國)、投資銀行(美國)及大的證券公司來擔任。在我國,一般則由具有資格的證券公司或兼營證券的信託投資公司來擔任。
在我國,國家對承銷業務的實施及承銷資格的認定均有明確的規定,根據《證券經營機構股票承銷業務管理辦法》的規定,當擬公開發行或配售股票的面值總額超過人民幣3000萬元或預期銷售總額超過人民幣5000萬元時,應當由承銷團(underwriter syndicate)承銷。承銷團由2家以上證券經營機構組成,其中牽頭組織承銷團的證券經營機構成為主承銷商。
※ 保薦人Sponsor。保薦人實質上類似於上市推薦人,香港通稱保薦人,在聯交所的主板上市規則中關於保薦人的規定也類似於上交所對於上市推薦人的規定,主要職責就是將符合條件的企業推薦上市,並對申請人適合上市、上市文件的準確完整以及董事知悉自身責任義務等負有保證責任,儘管聯交所建議發行人上市後至少一年內維持保薦人對他的服務,但保薦人的責任原則上隨着股票上市而終止。香港推出創業板後,保薦人制度的內涵得到了拓展,保薦人的責任被法定延續到公司上市後的兩年之內。When a company chooses to go public it also engages the support of a sponsor or sponsors. Sponsors help guide the company through the initial public offering (IPO) process and also provide credibility for new investors considering the IPO investment. Leading IPO sponsors are typically investment banks that take a stake in the company as well.
保薦人制度起源於英國的二板市場AIM( Alternative Investment Market) 市場,隨後,美國NASDAQ市場、中國香港GEM 市場等也相繼引入該制度。保薦人制度的建立源於二板市場存在的高度信息不對稱和高風險特徵,目的在於保證上市公司信息披露的質量,增強上市公司信用,保障市場穩健運行。
保薦人一般分為“獨家保薦人Sole sponsor”和“聯席保薦人joint sponsor”。獨家保薦人即表示IPO項目中僅有一家保薦人蔘與,而聯席保薦人則與之相反,有多於一家的保薦人蔘與到IPO項目中。一般的IPO項目可只聘請一家保薦人,但大型的、涉及跨國股票銷售的IPO項目則就需要多家保薦人共同完成。
下圖為香港IPO上市中的保薦人排行榜(截至2018年):
※ 賬簿管理人Bookrunner。在銀行投資業務領域裏,賬簿管理人或主辦銀行是股票、債務、證券等業務的主要承攬者。 當一公司委託銀行發行證券時,需要一個主承銷商,稱為賬簿管理人。主承銷商往往會聯同其他機構一起操作以期分散風險。此時這些機構被稱為聯合賬簿管理人Joint Bookrunner。他們的主要責任包括承銷、擬定發售規模、售價、配置、和上市後的價格穩定。The term book runner or a bookrunner refers to the primary underwriter or lead coordinator in the issuance of new equity, debt, or securities instruments. The book runner is the lead underwriting firm that runs or is in charge of the books in investment banking.
※ 全球協調人Global coordinator。全球協調人是在有不同賬簿管理人負責不同地區發行情況下衍生出來的角色,負責不同地區之間的全面協調工作。 全球協調人也分為“獨家全球協調人sole global coordinator”和“聯席全球協調人joint global coordinator”。Global coordinator coordinates all aspects of an Offering. Global coordinators usually also serve as Lead manager and Book-runner.
※ 牽頭經辦人Lead manager。牽頭經辦人(內地和香港通用譯法)即通常所説的主承銷商(台灣常用譯法)的另一個稱呼。 指獲得籌資者授權,負責安排貸款、債券或股票發行事宜的機構. 大規模的債券或股票發行案,通常由國際知名的投資銀行出任主要經辦人。常見的牽頭經辦人有“聯席牽頭經辦人(Joint Lead Manager)”以及“副牽頭經辦人Co-Lead Manager”,與前者相比,副牽頭經辦人的角色一般要低一些。
隨之附上承銷協議中與上述各類角色人有關的部分條款,供參考:
Power of the Sole Global Coordinator to make applications: In the event of a Hong Kong Public Offering Under-Subscription, the Sole Global Coordinator[, subject to the consent of the Sole Sponsor,] shall have the right (to be exercised at its sole and absolute discretion and in relation to which it is under no obligation to exercise) to apply to subscribe for or procure applications to subscribe for (subject to and in accordance with this Agreement) all or any of the Unsold Hong Kong Offer Shares which any Hong Kong Underwriter is required to take up pursuant to Clause 4.6. Any application submitted or procured to be submitted by any of the Sole Global Coordinator pursuant to this Clause 4.10 in respect of which payment is made mutatis mutandis in accordance with Clause 4.9 shall satisfy pro tanto the obligation of the relevant Hong Kong Underwriter under Clause 4.6 but shall not affect any agreement or arrangement among the Hong Kong Underwriters regarding the payment of underwriting commission.
獨家全球協調人提交申請的權力:如果香港公開發售出現認購額不足的情況,獨家全球協調人【經獨家保薦人同意】應當有權(對此享有唯一及絕對的酌情權,但無義務行使該權利)根據本協議的條款,申請(或促使申請)認購任何香港包銷商被要求按照第4.6條認購的所有未售出香港發售股份或其中任何部分。獨家全球協調人根據第4.10條提交(或促使提交)的任何申請,在根據第4.9條對相關付款做必要的修改後,構成相關香港包銷商在第4.6條下義務的履行,但不影響各香港包銷商之間達成的有關包銷佣金支付的任何協議或安排。
No liability for Offer Price and Offering Documents: Notwithstanding anything contained in this Agreement, none of the Sole Sponsor, the Sole Global Coordinator, [the Joint Bookrunners, the Joint Lead Managers,] the Hong Kong Underwriters nor any of their respective directors, officers, employees, agents, assignees and affiliates or any other Indemnified Parties (as defined in Clause 12.1 hereof), shall have any liability whatsoever to the Warrantors or any other person in respect of the following matters (it being acknowledged by the parties that the Warrantors are solely responsible in this regard):
對發行價和發售文件不承擔責任:儘管本協議中有任何規定,獨家保薦人、獨家全球協調人【聯席賬簿管理人、聯席牽頭經辦人】、香港包銷商或其各自的任何董事、高級管理人員、員工、代理、受讓人和關聯方或任何其他受償方(定義見本協議第12.1條),均不就以下事項對擔保人或任何其他人士承擔任何責任(各方承認,擔保人對此負承擔全部責任):
(a) any alleged insufficiency of the Offer Price or any dealing price of the Offer Shares; and
任何聲稱的發行價或發售股份的任何交易價格不充分;和
(b) any of the matters referred to in Clauses 12.1.1 to 12.1.15,
第12.1.1條至12.1.15條提及之任何事項,
and, notwithstanding anything contained in Clause 12, each Indemnified Party shall be entitled pursuant to the indemnities contained in Clause 12 to recover any Loss (as defined in Clause 12.1) incurred or suffered or made as a result of or in connection with any of the foregoing matters.
且儘管第12條中有任何規定,各受償方應有權根據第12條中的賠償條款,追討其因或就任何前述事項產生或遭受或造成的任何損失(定義見第12.1條)。
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