明永樂.青花纏枝花卉紋雞心碗

明永樂朝（公元1403—1424年，明成祖朱棣年號）歷時21年，是明代國力強盛時期。隨著景德鎮瓷器業的昌盛繁榮和技術的不斷進步，以其胎、釉精細，青色濃豔，造型多樣和紋飾優美而負盛名，與宣德青花一道被稱為開創了中國青花瓷的黃金時代。

永樂朝前後期瓷器質量發生很大變化，永樂早期製品基本接近洪武朝後期，而後期製品則與宣德早期相接。永樂青花端莊秀美，器物線條非常柔美流暢。講究修胎，器形十分規整。瓷胎由於注意淘煉，胎質純，含雜質少，胎質細膩，胎色潔白，胎體厚薄適度，靈巧凝重，較之洪武朝普遍輕薄一些。

永樂青花主要用“蘇麻離青”鈷料，燒造時有自然的暈散現象。由於蘇麻離青含錳量低、含鐵量高，降低了呈色中的紅、紫色調，在適當的火候下就能燒出濃豔的青藍色，猶如寶石藍一般的光澤，色彩雅緻凝重，鮮豔奪目，層次分明。不過由於青花含鐵量高，往往會在青花燒成部分留下黑疵斑點，一條紋理中常見的鈷鐵結合晶斑，濃重處凝聚為黑色錫光，下凹深入胎骨，用手撫摸有凹凸不平感。也有將進口料和國產料相結合使用的，如以淡色國產料繪雲水，濃色進口料繪游龍，使色澤對比鮮明，凸現主題。永樂青花圖案形式多樣、豐富多彩，紋飾疏朗秀麗、筆意自然，無論是粗筆寫意還是細筆描繪，均給人以清秀感，具有鮮明的時代特徵。畫面多留白地。圖畫花紋多為雙勾填色，一改前朝大筆塗抹的筆法，繪筆用小筆觸，往往出現深淺不一的顏色。圓器內外加花，並廣泛採用器心繪畫的裝飾手法。青花紋飾的線條中常有鈷鐵的結晶斑，這是由於鈷料研磨不細所致。

The Yongle Dynasty of Ming Dynasty (1403-1424 A.D., the year of Zhu Di, Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty) lasted for 21 years, which was a period of strong national strength in Ming Dynasty. With the prosperity of Jingdezhen porcelain industry and the continuous progress of technology, Jingdezhen is famous for its fine body and glaze, rich cyan color, various shapes and beautiful patterns. Together with Xuande blue and white porcelain, Jingdezhen is known as the golden age of Chinese blue and white porcelain.

The quality of porcelain in the early and late Yongle Dynasty changed a lot. The early Yongle products were basically close to the late Hongwu Dynasty, and the later Yongle products were connected with the early Xuande Dynasty. Yongle blue and white is dignified and beautiful, and its lines are very soft and smooth. Pay attention to tire repair, the shape is very regular. The porcelain body is pure, with few impurities, fine texture, white color, moderate thickness, dexterous and dignified, which is lighter than that of Hongwu Dynasty.

Yongle blue and white mainly uses "Su Ma Li Qing" cobalt material, which has a natural halo phenomenon when firing. Due to the low manganese content and high iron content of sumaliqing, the red and purple tones in the color rendering are reduced. Under the appropriate fire conditions, it can produce a rich cyan blue, which is just like the luster of sapphire blue. The color is elegant, dignified, dazzling and distinct. However, due to the high iron content of blue and white, black spots are often left in the firing part of blue and white. A common cobalt iron crystal spot in the texture is condensed into black tin light in the thick part. The concave part goes deep into the fetal bone, and there is an uneven feeling when you touch it with your hand. There are also imported materials and domestic materials used in combination, such as light domestic materials painted cloud water, thick imported materials painted dragon, so that the color contrast, highlighting the theme. Yongle's blue and white patterns are various and colorful, with sparse and beautiful ornamentation and natural brushwork. Whether it is freehand brushwork or fine brushwork, they all give people a sense of beauty, with distinct characteristics of the times. The picture is mostly white. Most of the decorative patterns in pictures are filled with double hooks, which changes the painting method of the previous dynasty. The small strokes of the painting pen often lead to different shades of color. The decorative technique of painting in the center of the vessel is widely used. Blue and white decorative lines often have cobalt and iron crystal spots, which is due to the cobalt grinding is not fine.