Qiushi Journal | 經濟全球化是不可逆轉的歷史潮流

經濟全球化是不可逆轉的歷史潮流

Economic globalization is an irreversible historical trend

經濟全球化大致經歷了三個階段。一是殖民擴張和世界市場形成階段，各國都被捲入世界經濟體系之中。二是兩個平行世界市場階段，即二戰後的兩大陣營及市場。三是經濟全球化階段，冷戰後世界經濟一體化加速。世界各國要素稟賦不平衡和國際分工深化，是經濟全球化的重要動力。各國都不同程度地存在著自然資源、資本、勞動力、技術、市場等不足的矛盾，面臨“分工受市場規模限制”難題，15世紀的地理大發現，推動了世界市場形成。科技革命和產業革命，為經濟全球化提供了深厚的物質技術基礎。幾次工業革命大大降低了貨物運輸、資訊傳播和人員流動的成本，特別是網際網路等新科技革命推動世界扁平化，各國經濟相互依賴前所未有。國際經濟治理體系和冷戰後市場化改革，為經濟全球化提供了經濟制度保障。二戰後，佈雷頓森林體系及關貿總協定、國際貨幣基金組織和世界銀行三大支柱出現，提供了國際經濟治理的制度架構，加之冷戰後新興經濟體的市場化改革，推動了經濟全球化大發展。

Economic globalization has experienced roughly three stages. The first was the stage of colonial expansionism and world market formation. In this stage, all countries were drawn into the world economic system. The second stage saw two parallel world markets, or two opposing blocs and markets, prevail after World War II. The third stage is the stage of economic globalization, in which world economic integration has accelerated since the end of the Cold War. Uneven factor endowments among countries and an ever-finer division of labor along international lines have been important forces for economic globalization. All countries face shortages of natural resources, capital, labor, technology, and markets to greater or lesser degree, as well as restrictions on their division of labor determined by the size of their markets. The geographical discoveries of the 15th century opened the way for the formation of a world market. Thereafter, scientific, technological, and industrial revolutions provided the material and technological foundations for economic globalization. Several rounds of industrial transformation dramatically reduced the cost of goods transportation, the dissemination of information, and the movement of people. In particular, new technological revolutions such as the internet have led to a leveling out in the world and to a degree of interdependence hitherto unknown. The international economic governance system and the post-Cold War market reforms have served as institutional guarantors for economic globalization. After World War II, the Bretton Woods system and the three pillars of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the IMF, and the World Bank emerged as an institutional framework for global economic governance. Coupled with the market reforms of emerging economies after the end of the Cold War, these drove a major upsurge in economic globalization.

總之，經濟全球化是由生產力發展和生產關係變革共同推動的客觀歷史程序，不以人的意志為轉移。歷史上瘟疫、戰爭、危機等都曾阻礙經濟全球化發展，但全球化潮流最終還是浩浩蕩蕩，滾滾向前，奔向浩瀚的大海。

In summary, economic globalization is an objective historical process driven jointly by the development of productive forces and changes to the relations of production; it is not determined by the will of man. In the past, plagues, wars, and crises have impeded economic globalization, yet ultimately, its great surge continues ever onward.

(Excerpts from Understanding the Great Trend of Economic Globalization and Expanding Opening Up on All Fronts by CPC Leadership Group of the Ministry of Commerce, Qiushi Journal, No. 01, 2021)

來源：《求是》英文版