種種跡象表明：美國經濟衰退即將來臨 All signs point to a coming recession
美國理海大學經濟學教授安東尼·奧布里恩（Anthony O’Brien）近日發文稱，由於美聯儲採取了錯誤的貨幣政策，美國很可能將在未來一年內陷入經濟衰退。
The US economy seems headed for a recession later this year or early next year. A recession would make clear that the new monetary policy strategy the Federal Reserve announced in August 2020 has been a failure.
種種跡象表明，美國可能在今年晚些時候或明年年初陷入經濟衰退，從而證實美聯儲在2020年8月宣佈的新貨幣政策以失敗告終。
The Fed’s new strategy represented a break with the approach it had adopted in response to The Great Inflation of 1968-1982, when inflation eventually soared above 10 percent. Although oil price shocks contributed to the Great Inflation, most economists believe that Fed policy failures were the reason the inflation was so severe.
美聯儲的新戰略意味著背離1968年至1982年大通脹時習得的應對策略，當時通脹率突破了10%。儘管油價危機引發了大通脹，但是多數經濟學家認為美聯儲最初的決策失誤是當時通貨膨脹如此嚴重的原因。
The Great Inflation taught the Fed that monetary policy should preempt increases in inflation before they became embedded in the economy. Changes in monetary policy can take a year to have their full effect, so the Fed needed to begin raising interest rates when the unemployment rate dropped below the so-called natural rate of unemployment, even if inflation had not yet begun to accelerate. The Fed was still following this approach in 2015, when it raised its target for the federal funds rate even though its preferred measure of inflation was still below its 2 percent target.
那次大通脹讓美聯儲學會一個道理，那就是應該趕在通貨膨脹對經濟產生深入影響之前施行貨幣政策。貨幣政策的變動需要一年時間才能完全發揮作用，因此美聯儲應該在失業率降到自然失業率以下時就上調利率，即使那時候通脹還未加速。2015年美聯儲依然遵循這一規律行事，儘管當時通脹率還未達到2%的目標值，但是美聯儲已經上調了聯邦基金的利率。
By July 2019, a majority on the Fed’s Federal Open Market Committee had come to believe that with no sign of inflation accelerating, they could safely cut the federal funds rate. The formal change came in August 2020 when they announced that they were adopting a flexible average inflation target (FAIT). Rather than viewing 2 percent as effectively a ceiling on inflation, they now would allow inflation to rise above 2 percent provided that it averaged 2 percent over an unspecified period. They also would no longer focus mainly on the unemployment rate in assessing the state of the labor market.
2019年7月，美聯儲所屬的聯邦公開市場委員會的多數人認為，在沒有跡象顯示通脹會加速的情況下，下調聯邦基金利率是安全的。2020年8月，委員會宣佈將採用靈活的平均通脹目標制。現在他們不再將2%視為通脹天花板，而是允許通脹率上升到2%以上，只要通脹率在期限不詳的一段時間內均值保持在2%即可。他們在評估勞動力市場狀態時也不再以失業率為主要標準。
There are two key problems with the Fed’s new monetary policy strategy. First, it’s unclear by how much inflation can exceed the 2 percent target or for how long it needs to stay there before the Fed will react. Second, by waiting until it has exceeded the 2 percent target, the Fed has abandoned the decades-long policy of preempting inflation.
美聯儲的新貨幣政策存在兩個關鍵問題。第一，不清楚美聯儲在通脹率超過2%的目標值多少或多久時才會採取行動。第二，眼看著通脹率超過2%的目標值卻不作為，美聯儲已然拋棄了長達數十年的先通脹而行的方針。
It seems unlikely that inflation can be brought down to 2 percent until the real federal funds rate becomes positive. While rapid increases in interest rates should succeed in reining in inflation, they are also likely to cause a recession. As Atlanta Fed President Raphael Bostic has noted, in every similar case since 1960, when the Fed has had to respond to a rapid increase in inflation, the result has been a recession.
如今除非聯邦基金利率上升，否則美國通脹率不可能降到2%。快速提高利率儘管可以抑制通貨膨脹，但也會導致經濟衰退。亞特蘭大聯邦儲備銀行行長拉斐爾·博斯蒂克指出，自1960年以來，每次類似的通脹率飆升迫使美聯儲採取應對措施，結果都是經濟衰退。
The new monetary policy strategy the Fed adopted in August 2020 has left it without good options. It can follow the present course of slowly increasing interest rates, which will allow high inflation to persist for at least the next two years, or it can increase rates more rapidly, which will bring down inflation, but likely push the economy into a recession.
美聯儲在2020年8月採取的新貨幣政策已經讓其沒有選擇餘地。美聯儲可以按現行方式逐漸上調利率，這樣會讓高通脹至少再持續兩年，也可以快速上調利率抑制通脹，但卻很可能使經濟陷入衰退。
英文來源：國會山報
翻譯&編輯：丹妮